Imagery rescripting (ImRs) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as treatment of childhood-trauma related post-traumatic stress disorder (Ch-PTSD) in adults: Effects on schema modes

This study evaluated the effects of imagery rescripting and EMDR therapy for adult patients with childhood trauma related PTSD.

Article Abstract

“Background: Many patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to childhood trauma (Ch-PTSD) also suffer from comorbid personality pathology. Little is known about the effectiveness of treatments for Ch-PTSD in reducing the comorbid personality pathology. Schema Modes are an operationalization of personality pathology according to schema therapy and can be measured with the Schema Mode Inventory (SMI). Therefore, we evaluated the effects of two treatments for adult patients with Ch-PTSD on Schema Modes.

Method: Participants (n = 114) of the Imagery Rescripting and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (IREM) Randomized Clinical Trial (Boterhoven de Haan, K. L., Lee, C. W., Fassbinder, E., Voncken, M. J., Meewisse, M., Van Es, S. M., Menninga, S., Kousemaker, M., & Arntz, A. (2017). Imagery rescripting and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for treatment of adults with childhood trauma-related post-traumatic stress disorder: IREM study design. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 1–12, Boterhoven de Haan, K. L., Lee, C. W., Fassbinder, E., van Es, S. M., Menninga, S., Meewisse, M.-L., Rijkeboer, M., Kousemaker, M., & Arntz, A. (2020). Imagery rescripting and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing as treatment for adults with post-traumatic stress disorder from childhood trauma: Randomised clinical trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 217(5), 609–615) with Ch-PTSD who filled in the SMI next to other outcomes, were randomly allocated to a 12-session treatment of Imagery Rescripting (ImRs) or Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). The SMI was collected at waitlist, pre-treatment, mid-treatment, posttreatment, and 8-week and 1-year follow-up.

Results: For both treatments, patients reported large reductions in the Maladaptive Schema Modes and improvements in the Adaptive Schema Modes (Cohen’s d = .94–1.18) from pre-treatment to posttreatment, 8-week follow-up, and 1-year follow-up. No statistically significant differences were found between ImRs and EMDR regarding changes in Schema Modes over time. No significant changes were observed during the waitlist period.

Conclusions: ImRs and EMDR showed improvements in Schema Modes when primarily targeting Ch-PTSD. The results indicate the possible value of both treatments in reducing comorbid personality pathology.”

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Article Access

Open Access

Daniëls, M., Meewisse, M-L., Nugter, A., Rameckers, S. A., Fassbinder, E., & Arntz, A. (2025). Imagery rescripting (ImRs) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as treatment of childhood-trauma related post-traumatic stress disorder (Ch-PTSD) in adults: Effects on schema modes. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 16(1): 2454191. Open access: https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2025.2454191