Usability, feasibility, and preliminary outcomes of VR EMDR therapy for specific phobia: Mixed method study

This study evaluates the feasibility, usability, and preliminary effectiveness of a VR based EMDR system for specific phobia treatment.

Article Abstract

“Purpose: This study evaluates the feasibility, usability, and preliminary effectiveness of a VR based EMDR system for specific phobia treatment.

Methodology: A mixed-methods pilot study was conducted with five participants undergoing five daily VR EMDR sessions. Usability was evaluated using the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and qualitative feedback on user experience, comfort, and confidence in independent use. Feasibility was assessed through independent system use, interviews, and monitoring of technical, health, and psychological challenges. Preliminary effectiveness was evaluated using Subjective Units of Distress (SUD), Validity of Cognition (VOC), and the IAPT Phobia Scale to measure changes in distress, positive cognitions, and avoidance. Qualitative and quantitative data were analysed using thematic, descriptive, and time-series methods.

Findings: Usability ratings were high, with manageable motion sickness, strong confidence in independent use, and positive user experiences. The system demonstrated high feasibility, with participants independently using it by the second session, though initial challenges highlighted support needs. Preliminary effectiveness showed reduced distress, improved positive cognitions, and decreased avoidance. Thematic analysis revealed diminished phobia-related bodily sensations, cognitive shifts toward positive beliefs, and greater confidence in confronting previously avoided situations.

Originality: This study is the first to explore VR EMDR for phobia treatment. Its user-friendly design integrates a calming, immersive environment, enhancing comfort and engagement, with potential for scalable, self-administered home-based therapy.”

—Description from publisher

Article Access

Open Access

Chan, O., Mu, M., Dohan, M., Debus, A., Nicholls, D., Wallang, P., & Breen, K. (2025). Usability, feasibility, and preliminary outcomes of VR EMDR therapy for specific phobia: Mixed method study. Mental Health and Digital Technologies, In Press: https://pure.northampton.ac.uk/en/publications/usability-feasibility-and-preliminary-outcomes-of-vr-emdr-therapy