Exploring integration of EMDR and neurofeedback: A qualitative study of therapists’ experience

This qualitative grounded theory study examined the clinical reasons licensed mental health professionals integrated and sequenced EMDR and neurofeedback (NFT) when treating PTSD and C-PTSD.

Article Abstract

“In this qualitative grounded theory study, the clinical reasons licensed mental health professionals integrated and sequenced eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and neurofeedback (NFT) when treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex posttraumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD) were examined. Although prior research findings provided evidence of efficacy of EMDR and NFT as independent modalities, limited information was available regarding how therapists combined them. Semi-structured interviews with 23 therapists across ten U.S. states, Canada, and the Caribbean reported common symptoms, outcomes, and barriers that influenced treatment decisions. Grounded theory coding procedures were applied, using the adaptive information processing (AIP) model and operant learning (OL) principles as frameworks. Treatment sequencing and simultaneous use were influenced by symptom presentation, particularly physiological arousal and financial limitations. Participants consistently reported observing improvements in affect regulation and physiological stability when NFT was sequenced first. Reported barriers included third-party payor denials of NFT and limited access to trained therapists, which influenced planning and raised ethical concerns. Based on the analysis of findings, development of structured decision-making tools and expanded training was recommended to improve identification of patients appropriate for EMDR and NFT integration and to facilitate consistent clinical implementation. Broader dissemination of empirical evidence was recommended to address knowledge gaps, inform implementation of EMDR and NFT, and meet the need for integrative theoretical frameworks and expanded professional supervision to promote effective clinical practice and improve access to care.”

Article Access

Open Access

Rau, B. (2025). Exploring integration of EMDR and neurofeedback: A qualitative study of therapists’ experience. [Doctoral Project, California Southern University, 32242801].  Open access: https://www.proquest.com/docview/3335161470/442146F1271546F2PQ/1?